therapeutic use of AdV vectors is currently focused on medical applications re-

sponding to transient transgene expression and selective immunogenicity, such as the

expression of vaccine antigens and oncolytic therapy [15]. Several recombinant AdV

vectors using different serotypes have emerged as antigen or gene delivery systems

for vaccination and therapeutic interventions. Numerous clinical trials have been

initiated. As shown in Table 11.2, clinical studies involving Adv vectors were per-

formed to control the diseases in situations of pandemics or epidemics such as

COVID-19, Ebola, and HIV and chronic diseases, such as different types of cancers.

Since AdV was first discovered in 1953, over 50 human serotypes of AdV have

been described [16]. Among these, Human Adenovirus type 5 (HAd5) has been

conventionally utilized in laboratories and clinical trials as the backbone for AdV

vectors [17]. Currently, extensive preclinical and clinical trials are in progress using

HAd5 as vectored vaccines. Noteworthy among them are: (i) an HAd5 expressing

Zika virus pre-membrane and envelope protein (HAd5-ZKV) [18]; (ii) an HAd5

vector vaccine as veterinary vaccine that induced immunity to rabies [19]; (iii) several

HAd5-based COVID-19 vectored vaccines have been tested in phase 3 clinical, such

as Ad5-nCOV and Gam-COVID-Vac, which were developed by CanSino Biologics

TABLE 11.1

Clinical trials involving several viral vectors ^a

Vector

Disease

Number of trials in

phase 1/2 and 2, 3,

& 4

NCT number

Yellow fever virus

Dengue fever

3 (phase 2)

NCT00993447;

NCT01187433;

NCT00788151

West Nile fever

2 (phase 2)

NCT00442169;

NCT00746798

Japanese encephalitis

4 (phase 3)

NCT01001988;

NCT01190228;

NCT01188343;

NCT01092507

Poxvirus

HIV

1 (phase 1)

NCT00001136

Influenza

3 (phase 1)

NCT01818362;

NCT00942071;

NCT01465035

2 (phase 2)

NCT03883113;

NCT00993083

Paramixovirus

HIV

1 (phase 1)

NCT01320176

Chikungunya

1 (phase 2)

NCT02861586

Arenavirus

Cytomegalovirus

1 (phase 2)

NCT03629080

Note

a Data from https://clinicaltrials.gov.

Vectored vaccines

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